Features of the layered structure of the soft tissues of the face and their age-related changes
Abstract
This article is the result of the literature review about layered structure of the face soft tissues and their age-related changes. Perhaps cosmetologists and plastic surgeons who are focused on the results of their professional activities will discover new authors, engaged in research in this field in more detail using the latest technologies. Facial beauty and attractiveness have always been and will always be important social components, as they usually determine how people are evaluated and how they are treated. Researches have shown that facial beauty is perceived and processed faster by the brain than the intellectual and spiritual qualities of a person, which take a certain amount of time to evaluate. This perception affects subsequent cognitive processes. The most important factors determining attractiveness are four characteristics: averageness (prototypical), sexual dimorphism, youth and symmetry. As the population continues to age and cosmetic procedures gain increasing acceptance, adults from all age groups and socio-economic backgrounds are striving for cosmetic improvements. The majority of patients seeking cosmetic procedures are women between the ages of 35 and 50, but the demand for them is growing among both older and younger patients, as well as men. Over the past 5 years, the demand for cosmetic procedures among patients aged 51 to 65 has doubled.
References
Bashour M. History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2006;118:741–756.
Mendelson B.C., Jacobson S.R. Surgical anatomy of the midcheek; facial layers, spaces, and midcheek segments. Clin Plast Surg. 2008;35:395–404.
Stuzin J.M., Baker T.J., Gordon H.L. The relationship of the superficial and deep facial fascias: relevance to rhytidectomy and aging plastic reconstructive surgery 1992;89(3):441–449.
Mendelson B.C. Advances in the understanding of the surgical anatomy of the face. In: Eisenmann. Klein M., Neuhann Lorenz C., eds. Innovations in plastic and aesthetic surgery. New York: Springer Verlag; 2007:141–145.
Furnas D.W. The retaining ligaments of the cheek. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 1989;83:11.
Furnas D. The superficial musculoaponeurotic plane and the retaining ligaments of the face. In: Psillakis J.M. ed. Deep face-lifting techniques. New York: Thieme Medical; 1994.
Rohrich R.J., Pessa J.E. The retaining system of the face: histologic evaluation of the septal boundaries of the subcutaneous fat compartments. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2008;121(5):1804–1809.
Rohrich R.J., Pessa J.E. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2007;119(7):2219–2227.
Rohrich R.J., Pessa J.E. The anatomy and clinical implications of perioral submuscular fat. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2009;124(1):266–271.
Mitz V., Peyronie M. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 1976;58:80.
Muzaffar A.R., Mendelson B.C., Adams W.P. Jr. Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments of the lower lid and lateral canthus. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2002;110(3):873–884.
Moss C.J., Mendelson B.C., Taylor G.I. Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments in the temple and periorbital regions. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2000;105(4):1475–1490.
Varani J., Dame M.K., Rittie L. et al. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:1861–1868.
Wulf H.C., Sandby Moller J., Kobayashi T. et al. Skin aging and natural photoprotection. Micron. 2004;35:185–191.
Hall G., Phillips T.J. Estrogen and skin: the effects of estrogen, menopause and hormone replacement therapy on the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:555–568.
Sander C.S., Chang H., Salzmann S. et al. Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo. Invest Dermatol. 2002;118(4):618–625.
Chung J.H., Seo J.Y., Choi H.R. et al. Modulation of skin collagen metabolism in aged and photoaged human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(5):1218–1224.
Freiman A., Bird G., Metelitsa A.I. et al. Cutaneous effects of smoking. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004;8(6):415–423.
Friedman O. Changes associated with the aging face. Facial Plastic Surgery Clin North Am. 2005;13:371–380.
Sadick N. The science of next generation anti-aging cosmeceuticals. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:S1.
Donofrio L.M. Fat distribution: a morphologic study of the aging face. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:1107–1112.
Ascher B., Coleman S., Alster T. et al. Full scope of effect of facial lipoatrophy: a framework of disease understanding. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:1058–1069.
Goldberg R.A., McCann J.D., Fiaschetti D., Ben Simon G.J. What causes eyelid bags? Analysis of 114 consecutive patients. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2005;115:1395–1402.
Pottier F., ElShazly N.Z., ElShazly A.E. Aging of orbicularis oculi: anatomophysiologic consideration in upper blepharoplasty. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2008;10(5):346–349.
Penna V., Stark G.B., Eisenhardt S.U. et al. The aging lip: a comparative histological analysis of agerelated changes in the upper lip complex. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2009;124(2):624–628.
Gosain A.K., Amarante M.T., Hyde J.S. et al. A dynamic analysis of changes in the nasolabial fold using magnetic resonance imaging: implications for facial rejuvenation and facial animation surgery. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 1996;98(4):622–636.
Pessa J.E., Zadoo V.P., Yuan C. et al. Concertina effect and facial aging: nonlinear aspects of youthfulness and skeletal remodeling, and why, perhaps, infants have jowls. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 1999;103(2):635–644.
Furnas D.W. Festoons, mounds, and bags of the eyelids and cheek. Clinical Plastic Surgery. 1993;20:367–385.
Gosain A.K., Klein M.H., Sudhakar P.V., Prost R.W. A volumetric analysis of soft-tissue changes in the aging midface using high resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1143–1152.
Le Louarn C.L., Buthiau D., Buis J. Structural aging: the facial recurve concept. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2007;31:213–218.
Hellman M. Changes in the human face brought about by development. Int J Orthod. 1927;13:475.
Garn S.M., Rohmann C.G., Wagner B. et al. Continuing bone growth during adult life: A general phenomenon. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1967;26:313.
Kahn D.M., Shaw R.B. Jr. Aging of the bony orbit: three-dimensional computed tomographic study. Aesthetic Surgery J. 2008;28(3):258–264.
Pessa J.E. An algorithm of facial aging: verification of Lambros’s theory by threedimensional stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial aging, scleral show, and the lateral suborbital trough deformity. Plastic reconstructive surgery. 2000;106(2):479–488.
Shaw R.B. Jr., Kahn D.M. Aging of the midface bony elements: A three-dimensional computed tomographic study. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2007;119:675–681.
Pessa J.E. An algorithm of facial aging: verification of Lambros's theory by three-dimensional stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial aging, scleral show, and the lateral suborbital trough deformity. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2000;106:479–488.
Mendelson B.C., Hartley W., Scott M. et al. Age-related changes of the orbit and midcheek and the implications for facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2007;31:419–423.
Bashour M. An objective system for measuring facial attractiveness. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. 2006;118:757–774.
Naini F.B., Moss J.P., Gill D.S. The enigma of facial beauty: esthetics, proportions, deformity, and controversy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:277–282.
